Author: Yazmín Franco
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that 27% of the U.S. population lives with a disability[1]. Because people with disabilities (PWD) are up to two to four times more likely to die or sustain an injury during climate disasters[2], this means 61 million U.S. adults[3] are at risk of injury or death during any given climate emergency. One of the biggest threats to PWD is the lack of disaster preparedness and logistical planning to accommodate them during a climate disaster. This is especially problematic for PWD who rely on electrically powered assistive technology. As of 2021, over 1 billion people require at least one assistive device to carry out daily activities, a number expected to double by 2030[4].
In 2021, Gershon et al found that although 63% of local Offices of Emergency Management (OEM) had disaster preparedness plans (plans) which accounted for PWD, merely 41% had plans with comprehensive operational protocols catering to PWD[5]. Gershon et al also found that generally, staff did not receive training pertaining to the inclusivity requirements of the American with Disabilities Act and that only 23% of OEM staff reported having the personnel and resources necessary to provide adequate disaster relief to PWD[6]. Furthermore, in an article for the Harvard Environmental Review, Perls (2020) outlines a recent Government Accountability Office report which highlights FEMA’s failure to establish objectives and metrics for success prior to adopting strategies geared toward PWD[7].
These findings are especially alarming given that in 2018, the United Nations’ Flagship Report on Disability and Development revealed that among the broader community of PWD, it is often individuals who already suffer from increased marginalization, who are likely to experience increased suffering during a climate disaster [8]. Specifically, the report found that women, children, refugees, and those with limited income are those who struggle the most to meet their disability-related needs and usually depend on charitable contributions to access disability-related assistance and supplies[9]. The lack of consultation and inclusion of PWD in disaster planning has even greater distributional effects for the 53% of PWD who rely on electricity powered assistive technology[10]. As witnessed during the California wildfires of the last few years, power outages caused or exacerbated by climate disasters renders a substantial number of PWD especially vulnerable and susceptible to injury or death[11].
[1] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023). Disability impacts all of us. https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/disabilityandhealth/infographic-disability-impacts-all.html
[2] Harvard University Center for the Environment. (2023). Disability in a time of climate disaster. https://environment.harvard.edu/news/disability-time-climate-disaster
[3] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023). Disability impacts all of us. https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/disabilityandhealth/infographic-disability-impacts-all.html
[4] Goyal, R. (2021). How can energy access programmes address the needs of people with disabilities? Efficiency for Access. Retrieved 28 February 2022 from https://storage.googleapis.com/e4a-website-assets/How-can-energy-access-programmes-address-the-needs-of-people-with-disabilities.pdf
[5] Gershon, R. R., Muska, M. A., Zhi, Q., & Kraus, L. E. (2021). Are local offices of emergency management prepared for people with disabilities? Results from the FEMA Region 9 Survey. Journal of Emergency Management, 19(1), 7-20.
[6] Ibid
[7] Perls, H. (2020). U.s. disaster displacement in the era of climate change: discrimination & consultation under the stafford act. Harvard Environmental Law Review, 44(2), 511-552.
[8] Cheung, K. (2022). Disability-Centered Emergency Preparedness: Environmental Justice Lessons From California Wildfires. Intersect: The Stanford Journal of Science, Technology, and Society, 15(2).
[9] Goyal, R. (2021). How can energy access programmes address the needs of people with disabilities? Efficiency for Access. Retrieved 28 February 2022 from https://storage.googleapis.com/e4a-website-assets/How-can-energy-access-programmes-address-the-needs-of-people-with-disabilities.pdf
[10] Cheung, K. (2022). Disability-Centered Emergency Preparedness: Environmental Justice Lessons From California Wildfires. Intersect: The Stanford Journal of Science, Technology, and Society, 15(2).
[11] Ibid